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《教师手册:外语教学语境化》读书笔记
范佳伊
当前,新高考改革背景下,对于英语语言教学提出了新的、更高的要求,研究学术如何学、教师如何教已经成为了当务之急。而英语作为一门语言,同时兼具人文性和工具性。语言使用的目的是为了在各种不同的语境中传递信息,所以外语教学必须在有意义的语言环境中进行。语境化的教学模式的特点就是注重语言在使用中的意义、注重真实的语言交际情景、交互式的学习活动以及通过语言学习来吸收其他学科的新的知识。
《教师手册:外语教学语境化》的前几章主要针对外语习得理论进行一些简单的论述。
Krashen’s Input Hypothesis
1. The input hypothesis
Acquisition occurs only when learners receive
optimal comprehensible input that is interesting, a little beyond their current
level of competence (i+1) and not grammatically sequenced, but understandable through
their background knowledge, their use of context, and other extralinguistic
cues such as gestures and intonation.
2. The affective filter hypothesis
Language learning must take place in an
environment where learners are “off the defensive” and the affective filter
(anxiety) is low in order for the input to be noticed and gain access to the
learners’ thinking.
在语言输入理论方面,Krashen的语言输入假设,指出外语教学一是要为学生创设一种焦虑度尽量低的环境,即不要强迫学生勉强开头说话,也不要老是纠错;二是向学生提供可理解的语言输入,其难度虽然会比学生现有的水平稍高一点,但却是生动有趣的。
Swain’s Output Hypothesis
Swain suggests that “pushed output” may be
necessary for learners to achieve higher levels of linguistic and
sociolinguistic competence. (1) It helps learners to discover that there is a
gap between what they want to say and what they are able to say. (2) It
provides a way for learners to try out new rules and modify them accordingly.
(3) And it helps learners to actively reflect on what they know about the
target language system.
Swain的输出假设,指出准确而得体的输出对促进语言习得有三大功能,即:让学生发现他们想说的和能说的之间的差距;让学生有机会尝试所学的语言规则并在交际汇总进行调整;帮助学生反思自己对目的语系统的认识和所取得的进步。
关于输入和输出的理论,在新高考英语写作题型中的体现是非常明显的。新高考写作题型中读后续写以及概要写作,要求学生在理解阅读文本的基础上进行写作输出,写作输出的前提便是阅读的输入,阅读输入大于写作输出水平,但是学生的理解能力和产出能力能够在读写结合的过程中发生协同效应,可以强化或扩张学习者的语言表征,帮助学生把从阅读理解中获取的词汇、语法信息应用于写作中。